Point of sale

The point of sale (POS) or point of purchase (POP) is the time and place at which a retail transaction is completed. At the point of sale, the merchant calculates the amount owed by the customer, indicates that amount, may prepare an invoice for the customer (which may be a cash register printout), and indicates the options for the customer to make payment. It is also the point at which a customer makes a payment to the merchant in exchange for goods or after provision of a service. After receiving payment, the merchant may issue a receipt, as proof of transaction, which is usually printed but can also be dispensed with or sent electronically.^[1]^[2]^[3]

To calculate the amount owed by a customer, the merchant may use various devices such as weighing scales, barcode scanners, and cash registers (or the more advanced "POS cash registers", which are sometimes also called "POS systems"^[4]^[5]). To make a payment, payment terminals, touch screens, and other hardware and software options are available.

The point of sale is often referred to as the point of service because it is not just a point of sale but also a point of return or customer order. POS terminal software may also include features for additional functionality, such as inventory management, CRM, financials, or warehousing.

Businesses are increasingly adopting POS systems, and one of the most obvious and compelling reasons is that a POS system eliminates the need for price tags. Selling prices are linked to the product code of an item when adding stock, so the cashier merely scans this code to process a sale. If there is a price change, this can also be easily done through the inventory window. Other advantages include the ability to implement various types of discounts, a loyalty scheme for customers, and more efficient stock control. These features are typical of almost all modern ePOS systems.

Terminology

Retailers and marketers will often refer to the area around the checkout instead as the point of purchase (POP) when they are discussing it from the customer's perspective. This is particularly the case when planning and designing the area as well as when considering a marketing strategy and offers.

Some point of sale vendors refer to their POS system as "retail management system" which is a more appropriate term, since this software is not just for processing sales but comes with many other capabilities, such as inventory management, membership systems, supplier records, bookkeeping, issuing of purchase orders, quotations and stock transfers, hide barcode label creation, sale reporting and in some cases remote outlet networking or linkage, to name some major ones.

Nevertheless, it is the term POS system rather than retail management system that is in vogue among both end-users and vendors.

The basic, fundamental definition of a POS System is a system which allows the processing and recording of transactions between a company and its consumers, at the time in which goods and/or services are purchased.

History

Software before the 1990s

Early electronic cash registers (ECR) were controlled with proprietary software and were limited in function and communication capability. In August 1973, IBM released the IBM 3650 and 3660 store systems that were, in essence, a mainframe computer used as a store controller that could control up to 128 IBM 3653/3663 point of sale registers. This system was the first commercial use of client-server technology, peer-to-peer communications, local area network (LAN) simultaneous backup, and remote initialization. By mid-1974, it was installed in Pathmark stores in New Jersey and Dillard's department stores.

One of the first microprocessor-controlled cash register systems was built by William Brobeck and Associates in 1974, for McDonald's Restaurants.^[6] It used the Intel 8008, an early microprocessor (forerunner to the Intel 8088 processor used in the original IBM Personal Computer). Each station in the restaurant had its own device which displayed the entire order for a customer — for example, [2] Vanilla Shake, [1] Large Fries, [3] Big Mac — using numeric keys and a button for every menu item. By pressing the [Grill] button, a second or third order could be worked on while the first transaction was in progress. When the customer was ready to pay, the [Total] button would calculate the bill, including sales tax for almost any jurisdiction in the United States. This made it accurate for McDonald's and very convenient for the servers and provided the restaurant owner with a check on the amount that should be in the cash drawers. Up to eight devices were connected to one of two interconnected computers so that printed reports, prices, and taxes could be handled from any desired device by putting it into Manager Mode. In addition to the error-correcting memory, accuracy was enhanced by having three copies of all important data with many numbers stored only as multiples of 3. Should one computer fail, the other could handle the entire store.

In 1986, Gene Mosher introduced the first graphical point of sale software^[7] featuring a touchscreen interface under the ViewTouch^[8] trademark on the 16-bit Atari 520ST color computer.^[9] It featured a color touchscreen widget-driven interface that allowed configuration of widgets representing menu items without low level programming.^[10] The ViewTouch point of sale software was first demonstrated in public at Fall Comdex, 1986,^[11] in Las Vegas, Nevada, to large crowds visiting the Atari Computer booth. This was the first commercially available POS system with a widget-driven color graphic touch screen interface and was installed in several restaurants in the US and Canada.

In 1986, IBM introduced its 468x series of POS equipment based on Digital Research's Concurrent DOS 286 and FlexOS 1.xx, a modular real-time multi-tasking multi-user operating system.

Modern software (post-1990s)

A wide range of POS applications have been developed on platforms such as Windows and Unix. The availability of local processing power, local data storage, networking, and graphical user interface made it possible to develop flexible and highly functional POS systems. Cost of such systems has also declined, as all the components can now be purchased off-the-shelf.

In 1993, IBM adopted FlexOS 2.32 as the basis of their IBM 4690 OS in their 469x series of POS terminals. This was developed up to 2014 when it was sold to Toshiba, who continued to support it up to at least 2017.

With increased options for commodity hardware and a more competitive market, the 1990s saw increased attention paid to the user interaction between store employees and POS systems. Touchscreens and larger displays became widely available in the 1990s, offering an alternative to limited displays like two-line VFDs used in the IBM 4683. The performance of the employees using the POS devices, a controllable cost for the business, depends upon the ease of learning, ease of use, and level of employee experience with it. Although experienced employees work more quickly with mechanically keyed entry,^[12] some systems favoured adopting GUI technology for ease of learning or for ergonomic factors.^[13]

The key requirements that must be met by modern POS systems include high and consistent operating speed, reliability, ease of use, remote supportability, low cost, and rich functionality. Retailers can reasonably expect to acquire such systems (including hardware) for about US$4000 (as of 2009) per checkout lane.

Reliability depends not wholly on the developer but at times on the compatibility between a database and an OS version. For example, the widely used Microsoft Access database system had a compatibility issue when Windows XP machines were updated to a newer version of Windows. Microsoft offered no immediate solution. Some businesses were severely disrupted in the process, and many downgraded back to Windows XP for a quick resolution. Other companies utilized community support, for a registry tweak solution has been found for this.^[14]^{[unreliable source]}

POS systems are one of the most complex software systems available because of the features that are required by different end users. Many POS systems are software suites that include sale, inventory, stock counting, vendor ordering, customer loyalty and reporting modules. Sometimes purchase ordering, stock transferring, quotation issuing, barcode creating, bookkeeping or even accounting capabilities are included. Each of these modules is interlinked if they are to serve their practical purpose and maximize their usability.

For instance, the sale window is immediately updated on a new member entry through the membership window because of this interlinking. Similarly, when a sale transaction is made, any purchase by a member is on record for the membership window to report providing information like payment type, goods purchased, date of purchase and points accumulated. Comprehensive analysis performed by a POS machine may need to process several qualities about a single product, like selling price, balance, average cost, quantity sold, description and department. Highly complex programming is involved (and possibly considerable computer resources) to generate such extensive analyses.

POS systems are designed not only to serve the retail, wholesale and hospitality industries as historically is the case. Currently POS systems are also used in goods and property leasing businesses, equipment repair shops, healthcare management, ticketing offices such as cinemas and sports facilities and many other operations where capabilities such as the following are required: processing monetary transactions, allocation and scheduling of facilities, keeping record and scheduling services rendered to customers, tracking of goods and processes (repair or manufacture), invoicing and tracking of debts and outstanding payments.

Different customers have different expectations within each trade. The reporting functionality alone is subject to so many demands, especially from those in the retail/wholesale industry. To cite special requirements, some business's goods may include perishables and hence the inventory system must be capable of prompting the admin and cashier on expiring or expired products. Some retail businesses require the system to store credit for their customers, credit which can be used subsequently to pay for goods. A few companies expect the POS system to behave like a full-fledged inventory management system, including the ability to provide FIFO (First In, First Out) and LIFO (Last In, First Out), reports of their goods for accounting and tax purposes.

In the hospitality industry, POS system capabilities can also diverge significantly. For instance, a restaurant is typically concerned about how the sale window functions: whether it has functionality such as creating item buttons, various discounts, adding a service charge, holding of receipts, queuing, table service as well as takeaways, merging and splitting of a receipt. These capabilities may be insufficient for a spa or slimming center which would require, in addition, a scheduling window with historical records of customers' attendance and their special requirements.

A POS system can be made to serve different purposes to different end users depending on their business processes. Often an off-the-shelf POS system is inadequate for customers. Some customization is required, and this is why a POS system can become very complex. The complexity of a mature POS system extends to remote networking or interlinking between remote outlets and the HQ such that updating both ways is possible. Some POS systems offer the linking of web-based orders to their sale window. Even when local networking is only required (as in the case of a high-traffic supermarket), there is the ever-present challenge for the developer to keep most if not all of their POS stations running. This puts high demand not just on software coding but also designing the whole system covering how individual stations and the network work together, and special consideration for the performance capability and usage of databases. Due to such complexity, bugs and errors encountered in POS systems are frequent.^[15]

With regard to databases, POS systems are very demanding on their performance because of numerous submissions and retrievals of data — required for correct sequencing the receipt number, checking various discounts, membership, calculating subtotal, so forth — just to process a single sale transaction. The immediacy required of the system on the sale window such as may be observed at a checkout counter in a supermarket cannot be compromised. This places much stress on individual enterprise databases if there are just several tens of thousands of sale records in the database. Enterprise database Microsoft SQL Server, for example, has been known to freeze up (including the OS) entirely for many minutes under such conditions showing a "Timeout Expired" error message. Even a lighter database like Microsoft Access will slow to a crawl over time if the problem of database bloating is not foreseen and managed by the system automatically. Therefore, the need to do extensive testing, debugging and improvisation of solutions to preempt failure of a database before commercial implementation complicates the development.

POS system accuracy is demanding, given that monetary transactions are involved continuously not only via the sale window but also at the back end through the receiving and inputting of goods into the inventory. Calculations required are not always straightforward. There may be many discounts and deals that are unique to specific products, and the POS machine must quickly process the differences and the effect on pricing. There is much complexity in the programming of such operations, especially when no error in calculation can be allowed.

Other requirements include that the system must have functionality for membership discount and points accumulation/usage, quantity and promotional discounts, mix and match offers, cash rounding up, invoice/delivery-order issuance with outstanding amount. It should enable a user to adjust the inventory of each product based on physical count, track expiry of perishable goods, change pricing, provide audit trail when modification of inventory records is performed, be capable of multiple outlet functionality, control of stocks from HQ, doubling as an invoicing system, just to name some.

It is clear that POS system is a term that implies a wide range of capabilities depending on the end-user requirements. POS system review websites cannot be expected to cover most let alone all the features. Unless one is a developer, it is unrealistic to expect the reviewer to know all the aspects of a POS system. For instance, a POS system might work smoothly on a test database during the review but not when the database grows significantly in size over months of usage. And this is only one among many hidden critical functionality issues of a POS system.

Hardware interface standardization (post-1980s)

Vendors and retailers are working to standardize development of computerized POS systems and simplify interconnecting POS devices. Two such initiatives were OPOS and JavaPOS, both of which conform to the UnifiedPOS standard led by The National Retail Federation.

OPOS (OLE for POS) was the first commonly adopted standard and was created by Microsoft, NCR Corporation, Epson and Fujitsu-ICL. OPOS is a COM-based interface compatible with all COM-enabled programming languages for Microsoft Windows. OPOS was first released in 1996. JavaPOS was developed by Sun Microsystems, IBM, and NCR Corporation in 1997 and first released in 1999. JavaPOS is for Java what OPOS is for Windows, and thus largely platform independent.

There are nearly as many proprietary protocols as there are companies making POS peripherals. Most POS peripherals, such as displays and printers, support several of these command protocols to work with many different brands of POS terminals and computers.

User interface design

The design of the sale window is the most important one for the user. This user interface is highly critical when compared to those in other software packages such as word editors or spreadsheet programs where the speed of navigation is not so crucial for business performance.

For businesses at prime locations where real estate is at a premium, it can be common to see a queue of customers. The faster a sale is completed the shorter the queue time which improves customer satisfaction, the less space it takes, which benefits shoppers and staff. High-traffic operations such as grocery outlets and cafes need to process sales quickly at the sales counter so the UI flow is often designed with as few popups or other interruptions to ensure the operator isn't distracted and the transaction can be processed as quickly as possible.

Although improving the ergonomics is possible, a clean, fast-paced look may come at the expense of sacrificing functions that are often wanted by end-users such as discounts, access to commission earned screens, membership and loyalty schemes can involve looking at a different function of the POS to ensure the point of sale screen contains only what a cashier needs at their disposal to serve customers.

Cloud-based (post-2000s)

The advent of cloud computing has given birth to the possibility of electronic point of sale (EPOS) systems^[16] to be deployed as software as a service, which can be accessed directly from the Internet using a web browser. Using the previous advances in the communication protocols for POS's control of hardware, cloud-based POS systems are independent from platform and operating system limitations. EPOS systems based in the cloud (most small-business POS today) are generally subscription-based, which includes ongoing customer support.^[17]

Compared to regular cash registers (which tend to be significantly cheaper but only process sales and print receipts), POS systems include automatic updating of the inventory library stock levels when selling products, real-time reports accessible from a remote computer, staff timesheets, and a customer library with loyalty features.^[18]

Cloud-based POS systems are also created to be compatible with a wide range of POS hardware and sometimes tablets such as Apple's iPad. Thus cloud-based POS also helped expand POS systems to mobile devices, such as tablet computers or smartphones.^[19]

These devices can also act as barcode readers using a built-in camera and as payment terminals using built-in NFC technology or an external payment card reader. A number of POS companies built their software specifically to be cloud-based. Other businesses who launched pre-2000s have since adapted their software to evolving technology.

Cloud-based POS systems are different from traditional POS largely because user data, including sales and inventory, are not stored locally, but in a remote server. The POS system is also not run locally, so there is no installation required.

Depending on the POS vendor and the terms of contract, compared to traditional on-premises POS installation, the software is more likely to be continually updated by the developer with more useful features and better performance in terms of computer resources at the remote server and in terms of fewer bugs and errors.

Other advantages of a cloud-based POS are instant centralization of data (important especially to chain stores), ability to access data from anywhere there is internet connection, and lower start-up costs.^[20]

Cloud based POS requires an internet connection. For this reason it important to use a device with 4G or 5G connectivity in case the device's primary internet goes down. In addition to being significantly less expensive than traditional legacy point of sale systems, a notable strength of cloud-based point of sale systems is the ability to switch to a different product, by a different developer, without having to purchase new hardware. The many developers creating new software applications help to ensure that the system is supported for longer than a typical legacy POS system.

A number of noted emerging cloud-based POS systems came on the scene less than a decade or even half a decade back. These systems are usually designed for restaurants, small and medium-sized retail operations with fairly simple sale processes as can be culled from POS system review sites. It appears from such software reviews that enterprise-level cloud-based POS systems are currently lacking in the market. "Enterprise-level" here means that the inventory should be capable of handling a large number of records, such as required by grocery stores and supermarkets. It can also mean that the system software and cloud server must be capable of generating reports such as analytics of sale against inventory for both a single and multiple outlets that are interlinked for administration by the headquarters of the business operation.

POS vendors of such cloud based systems should also have a strong contingency plan for the breakdown of their remote server such as represented by fail-over server support. Sometimes a major data center can fail completely, such as in a fire.^[21] On-premises installations are therefore sometimes seen alongside cloud-based implementation to preempt such incidents, especially for businesses with high traffic. The on-premises installations may not have the most up-to-date inventory and membership information.

For such contingency, a more innovative though highly complex approach for the developer is to have a trimmed down version of the POS system installed on the cashier computer at the outlet. On a daily basis the latest inventory and membership information from the remote server is automatically updated into the local database. Thus should the remote server fail, the cashier can switch over to the local sale window without disrupting sales. When the remote server is restored and the cashier switches over to the cloud system, the locally processed sale records are then automatically submitted to the remote system, thus maintaining the integrity of the remote database.

Although cloud-based POS systems save the end-user startup cost and technical challenges in maintaining an otherwise on-premises installation, there is a risk that if the cloud-based vendor closes down it may result in more immediate termination of services for the end-user compared to the case of a traditional full on-premises POS system where it can still run without the vendor.

Another consideration is that a cloud-based POS system actually exposes business data to service providers — namely, the hosting service company and the POS vendor which have access to both the application and database. The importance of securing critical business information such as supplier names, top selling items, customer relationship processes cannot be underestimated given that sometimes the few key success factors or trade secrets of a business are actually accessible through the POS system. This security and privacy concern is an ongoing issue in cloud computing.

Retail industry

The retail industry is one of the predominant users of POS terminals. The POS interface at a retail establishment varies greatly depending on the industry and owner of the retailer, but usually includes a cash register (typically a specialized x86-based computer running Windows Embedded or Linux), a method for employee input, cash drawer, receipt printer, barcode scanners (which may incorporate a scale), and an interface for processing Card payments and processing customer Information (a payment terminal). It can also include a conveyor belt, checkout divider, wireless handheld scanners, integrated card processing systems, and customer-facing displays to display totals and show advertisements. While some systems use typical PC interfaces (such as a keyboard & mouse), it is far more common to utilize touchscreens as they allow for faster response and better customization for the retailer. In the past, most IBM systems used a primarily keyboard-based interface, and NCR previously used side-keys on their displays before touchscreens were widely available, similar to their ATM products.

The POS system software can typically handle a myriad of customer based functions such as sales, returns, exchanges, layaways, gift cards, gift registries, customer loyalty programs, promotions, discounts and much more. POS software can also allow for functions such as pre-planned promotional sales, manufacturer coupon validation, foreign currency handling and multiple payment types.

The POS unit handles the sales to the consumer, but it is only one part of the entire POS system used in a retail business. The controlling servers, or "back-office" computers, typically handle other functions of the POS system such as inventory control, pricing, purchasing, receiving and transferring of products to and from other locations. Other typical functions of a POS system are: store sales information for enabling customer returns, reporting purposes, sales trends and cost/price/profit analysis. Customer information may be stored for receivables management, marketing purposes and specific buying analysis. Many retail POS systems include an accounting interface that "feeds" sales and product losses, cash drawer expected totals, and cashier productivity information to independent accounting applications.

Point-of-sale interface at a supermarket in California.

A multi-terminal POS system used by big retailers like supermarkets and department stores has a far more demanding database and software architecture than that of a single station seen in small retail outlets. A supermarket with high traffic cannot afford a systemic failure, hence each point of sale station is designed to be robust in its operation. Most proprietary POS systems designed for large retailers use 2 servers, with one acting as a backup in case of failure. In the event that both servers fail, the individual POS systems will enter a failsafe mode, where sales data is stored locally and exported back to the servers upon a return of the connection. This may prove challenging to implement in some instances however, as many commercial POS systems do not have any hard disks for security purposes, and often have limited amounts of RAM.

Performing updates between multiple stations and the back end administrative computer should be redundant, so that updates to inventory and promotions will be accurately reflected at checkout without having to restart the computer, and reflecting accurate sales records to the back-end computer at the end of the business day.

This gets even more complicated when there is a membership system requiring real-time two-way updating of membership points between sale stations and the back end administrative computer.

Retail operations such as hardware stores, lumber yards, electronics stores and so-called multifaceted superstores need specialized additional features compared to other stores. POS software in these cases handles special orders, purchase orders, repair orders, service and rental programs as well as typical point of sale functions. Rugged hardware is required for point of sale systems used in outdoor environments. Wireless devices, battery powered devices, all-in-one units, and Internet-ready machines are typical in this industry.

Recently new applications have been introduced, enabling POS transactions to be conducted using mobile phones and tablets. According to a recent study, mobile POS (mPOS) terminals are expected to replace the contemporary payment techniques because of various features including mobility, upfront low cost investment and better user experience.^[22]

In the mid-2000s, the blind community in the United States engaged in structured negotiations to ensure that retail point of sale devices had tactile keypads. Without keys that can be felt, a blind person cannot independently enter his or her PIN. In the mid-2000s retailers began using "flat screen" or "signature capture" devices that eliminated tactile keypads. Blind people were forced to share their confidential PIN with store clerks to use their debit and other PIN-based cards. The blind community reached agreement with Walmart, Target, CVS and eight other retailers that required real physical keys so blind people could use the devices.

Checkout configuration

Early stores typically kept merchandise behind a counter. Staff would fetch items for customers to prevent the opportunity for theft and sales would be made at the same counter. Self-service grocery stores such as Piggly Wiggly, beginning in 1916, allowed customers to fetch their own items and pass the point of sale enroute to the exit.

Modern stores have a variety of checkout configurations, but almost all stores will have their main checkout area situated close to the entrance/exits. Smaller stores may utilize simple counters, while big-box stores will typically use a conveyor belt system spaced out in separate "lanes" to process orders. Express lanes might limit the type of payment, or number or type of goods, to expedite service. Some department stores may also have checkouts inside of the departments to allow shoppers of that section to pay without going through the main lines. If each checkout station has a separate queue, customers have to guess which line will move the fastest, to minimize their wait times. They are often frustrated to be wrong or be stuck behind another customer who encounters a problem or who takes excessive time to check out. Some stores use a single, much longer but faster-moving line, that is served by multiple registers, which produces the same average wait time, but reduces the frustration and variance in wait time from person to person.^[23] Regardless of the configuration, checkout lines usually pass by impulse buy items to grab the attention of otherwise idle customers.

As self-checkout technology has progressed, more retailers of all types have included self-checkout as an option, and in some cases, completely replace traditional cashier-operated checkout lines. Self-checkout kiosks are typically kept together in a 'corral' area adjacent to the regular registers so that shop employees can more easily monitor transactions, though they are also occasionally set up in a more typical "lane" fashion with conveyor belts for loading groceries. More modern implementations of self-checkout include scanning items and paying within a retailer's mobile app, or using RF technology and cameras to detect items at the door and charge the customer's account automatically.

Hospitality industry

Hospitality point of sale systems are computerized systems incorporating registers, computers and peripheral equipment, usually on a computer network to be used in restaurants, hair salons or hotels. Like other point of sale systems, these systems track sales, labor, payroll and can generate records used in accounting and bookkeeping. They may be accessed remotely by restaurant corporate offices, troubleshooters and other authorized parties.

Point of sale systems have revolutionized the restaurant industry, particularly in the fast food sector. In the most recent technologies, registers are computers, sometimes with touch screens. The registers connect to a server, often referred to as a "store controller" or a "central control unit". Printers and monitors are also found on the network. Additionally, remote servers can connect to store networks and monitor sales and other store data.

Typical restaurant POS software is able to create and print guest checks, print orders to kitchens and bars for preparation, process credit cards and other payment cards, and run reports. In addition, some systems implement wireless pagers and electronic signature-capture devices.

In the fast food industry, displays may be at the front counter, or configured for drive-through or walk-through cashiering and order taking. Front counter registers allow taking and serving orders at the same terminal, while drive-through registers allow orders to be taken at one or more drive-through windows, to be cashiered and served at another. In addition to registers, drive-through and kitchen displays are used to view orders. Once orders appear they may be deleted or recalled by the touch interface or by bump bars. Drive-through systems are often enhanced by the use of drive-through wireless (or headset) intercoms. The efficiency of such systems allows decreased service times and increased efficiency of orders.

Another innovation in technology for the restaurant industry is wireless POS. Many restaurants with high volume use wireless handheld POS to collect orders which are sent to a server. The server sends required information to the kitchen in real time. Wireless systems consist of drive-through microphones and speakers (often one speaker will serve both purposes), which are wired to a "base station" or "center module." This, in turn, will broadcast to headsets. Headsets may be an all-in-one headset, or one connected to a belt pack.

With the development of the mobile technology, Cloud-based POS systems are also put forward to increase the efficiency of some restaurants, integrated with some latest software services such as scan QR code to order by customers themselves. It leads to a new style of offline restaurants dine-in.

In hotels, POS software allows for transfer of meal charges from dining room to guest room with a button or two. It may also need to be integrated with property management software.

Newer, more sophisticated systems are departing from the central database "file server" type system and going to what is called a "cluster database". This eliminates any crashing or system downtime that can be associated with the back office file server. This technology allows 100% of the information to not only be stored, but also pulled from the local terminal, thus eliminating the need to rely on a separate server for the system to operate.

Tablet POS systems popular for retail solutions are now available for the restaurant industry. Initially these systems were not sophisticated and many of the early systems did not support a remote printer in the kitchen. Tablet systems today are being used in all types of restaurants including table service operations. Most tablet systems upload all information to the Internet so managers and owners can view reports from anywhere with a password and Internet connection. Smartphone Internet access has made alerts and reports from the POS very accessible. Tablets have helped create the Mobile POS system, and Mobile POS applications also include payments, loyalty, online ordering, table side ordering by staff and table top ordering by customers. Regarding the payments, mobile POS can accept all kinds of payment methods from contactless cards, EMV chip-enabled cards, and mobile NFC enabled cards. Mobile POS (AKA mPOS) is growing quickly with new developers entering the market almost on a daily basis.

With the proliferation of low-priced touchscreen tablet computers, more restaurants have implemented self-ordering through a tablet POS placed permanently on every table. Customers can browse through the menu on the tablet and place their orders which are then sent to the kitchen. Most restaurants that have iPad self-order menus include photos of the dishes so guests can easily choose what they want to order. This apparently improves service and saves manpower on the part of the restaurant. However this depends on how intelligently the system has been programmed to be.

As a case in point, some self-ordering systems not requiring staff assistance may not properly recognize a subsequent order from the same customer at a table. As a result, the customer is left waiting and wondering why his second order of food and drink is not being served.

Another example of how intelligent the system can be, is whether an order that has been placed but not yet been processed by the kitchen can be modified by the customer through the tablet POS. For such an unprocessed order the customer should be given the option to easily retrieve the order and modify it on the tablet POS. When the order is being processed this function should be automatically disabled.

Self-ordering systems are not always free completely from intervention by the staff and for some good reasons. For example, some restaurants require that items selected by the customers be attended to and can only be placed by the waiter who has the password required to do so. This prevents fake such orders — as may be entered by playful kids — and subsequent dispute on the items ordered. If alcoholic beverages are ordered, it is necessary for the waiter to verify the customer's age before sending the order.

The technical specifications for implementing such self-ordering system are more demanding than a single cashier-controlled POS station. On the software and hardware side each tablet on a customer table has to be networked to the cashier POS station and the kitchen computer so that both are continually updated on orders placed. The common database that serves this network must also be capable of serving many concurrent users — cashier, customers, kitchen and perhaps a drink bar.

Some databases such as popularly-used Microsoft Access may have the specifications that it is capable of usage by multiple concurrent users.^{[citation needed]} However, under the stress of a POS system, they can fail miserably resulting in constant errors and corruption of data.^{[citation needed]}

POS systems are often designed for a variety of clients, and can be programmed by the end users to suit their needs. Some large clients write their own specifications for vendors to implement. In some cases, POS systems are sold and supported by third-party distributors, while in other cases they are sold and supported directly by the vendor.

The selection of a restaurant POS system is critical to the restaurant's daily operation and is a major investment that the restaurant's management and staff must endure for many years. The restaurant POS system interfaces with all phases of the restaurant operation, and with everyone that is involved with the restaurant including guests, suppliers, employees, managers and owners. The selection of a restaurant POS system is a complex process that should be undertaken by the restaurant owner and not delegated to an employee. The purchase process can be summarized in three steps: Design, Compare and Negotiate. The Design step requires research to determine which restaurant POS features are needed for the restaurant operation. With this information the restaurant owner or manager can Compare various restaurant POS solutions to determine which POS systems meet their requirements. The final step is to Negotiate the price, payment terms, included training, initial warranty and ongoing support costs.^{[citation needed]}

Accounting forensics

POS systems record sales for business and tax purposes. Illegal software dubbed "zappers" can be used on POS devices to falsify these records with a view to evading the payment of taxes.

In some countries, legislation is being introduced to make cash register systems more secure. For example, the French treasury is estimated to be failing to collect approximately €14 billion of value-added tax (VAT) revenue each year. The Finance Bill of 2016 was intended to address some of this loss by making it compulsory for taxpayers to operate on "secure systems". Therefore, from 1 January 2018, all retail businesses in France are required to record customer payments using certified secure accounting software or cash register systems.

A certified cash register system must provide for the incommutability, secure storage, and archiving of data. All businesses required to comply must obtain a certificate from the cash register system provider which certifies that the system meets these requirements. This is because VAT taxpayers may need to provide a certificate to the tax authorities showing that their cash management system fulfills the new requirements.

If the business cannot provide this certificate to the tax authorities, they may be fined. And, if the tax authorities can demonstrate fraudulent use of the system, both the business and the software provider can face tax penalties, fines, and criminal sanctions. Certification can be obtained either from: a body accredited by the French Accreditation Committee (Comité français d’accréditation or COFRAC) or the software provider of the cash register system.

Security

Despite the more advanced technology of a POS system as compared to a simple cash register, the POS system is still vulnerable to employee theft through the sales window. A dishonest cashier at a retail outlet can collude with a friend who pretends to be an ordinary customer. During checkout, the cashier can bypass scanning certain items or enter a lower quantity for some items thus profiting from the "free" goods.

The ability of a POS system to void a closed sale receipt for refund purpose without needing a password from an authorized superior also represents a security loophole. Even a function to issue a receipt with a negative amount which can be useful under certain circumstances, can be exploited by a cashier to easily lift money from the cash drawer.

To prevent such employee theft, it is crucial for a POS system to provide an admin window for the supervisor or administrator to generate and inspect a daily list of sale receipts, especially pertaining to the frequency of cancelled receipts before completion, refunded receipts and negative receipts. This is one effective way to alert the company to any suspicious activity - such as a high number of cancelled sales by a certain cashier - that may be occurring, and to take monitoring action.

To further deter employee theft, the sales counter should also be equipped with a closed-circuit television camera pointed at the POS system to monitor and record all activities.

At the back end, price and other changes like discounts to inventory items through the administration module should be secured with passwords provided to trusted administrators. Any changes made should also be logged and capable of being subsequently retrieved for inspection.

The sale records and inventory are important to the business because they provide useful information to the company in terms of customer preferences, customer membership particulars, what are the top selling products, who are the vendors and what margins the company is getting from them, the company monthly total revenue and cost, among others.

It is important that reports on these matters generated at the administrative back end be restricted to trusted personnel. The database from which these reports are generated should be secured via passwords or via encryption of data stored in the database to prevent copying or tampering.

Despite all such precautions, the POS system can never be entirely watertight in security from internal misuse if a clever, dishonest employee knows how to exploit many of its otherwise useful capabilities.

News reports on POS system hacking show that hackers are more interested in stealing credit card information than anything else. The ease and advantage offered by the ability of a POS system to integrate credit card processing thus have a downside. In 2011, hackers were able to steal credit card data from 80,000 customers because Subway's security and POS configuration standards for PCI compliance - which governs credit card and debit card payment systems security - were "directly and blatantly disregarded" by Subway franchisees.^[24]

In June 2016, several hundred of Wendy's fast food restaurants had their POS systems hacked by illegally installed malware.^[25] The report goes on to say that "the number of franchise restaurants impacted by these cyber security attacks is now expected to be considerably higher than the 300 restaurants already implicated" and that the "hackers made hundreds of thousands of fraudulent purchases on credit and debit cards issued by various financial institutions after breaching Wendy's computer systems late last year".

These exploits by hackers could only be made possible because payment cards were processed through the POS system allowing the malware to either intercept card data during processing or steal and transmit unencrypted card data that is stored in the system database.

In April 2017, security researchers identified critical vulnerabilities in point of sale systems developed by SAP and Oracle^[26] and commented, “POS systems are plagued by vulnerabilities, and incidents occurred because their security drawbacks came under the spotlight.”^[27] If successfully exploited, these vulnerabilities provide a perpetrator with access to every legitimate function of the system, such as changing prices, and remotely starting and stopping terminals. To illustrate the attack vector, the researchers used the example of hacking POS to change the price of a MacBook to $1. The security issues were reported to the vendor, and a patch was released soon after the notification. Oracle confirmed^[28] security bug affects over 300,000 Oracle POS Systems

In some countries, credit and debit cards are only processed via payment terminals. Thus one may see quite a number of such terminals for different cards cluttering up a sale counter. This inconvenience is offset by the fact that credit and debit card data is far less vulnerable to hackers, unlike when payment cards are processed through the POS system where security is contingent upon the actions taken by end-users and developers.

With the launch of mobile payment, particularly Android Pay and Apple Pay in 2015, it is expected that because of its greater convenience coupled with good security features, this would eventually eclipse other types of payment services – including the use of payment terminals. For mobile payment to go fully mainstream, mobile devices like smartphones that are NFC-enabled must first become universal. This would be a matter of several years from the time of this writing (2017) as more and more models of new smartphones are expected to become NFC-enabled for such a purpose. For instance, iPhone 6 is fully NFC-enabled for mobile payment while iPhone 5 and older models are not. The aforesaid disastrous security risks connected with processing payment card usage through a POS system would then be greatly diminished.

References

"Paperless Receipt Solution (PRS) System". James Dyson Foundation. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
"Electronic Transmission of Prescriptions". Business Services Authority. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
"Tricks traders use to evade billions of francs in taxes". The New Times. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
"Cash register vs. POS system –what's the difference?". 30 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
"How to Choose a POS Cash Register". Archived from the original on 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
US patent 3946220, William M. Brobeck; John S. Givins Jr. & Philip F. Meads Jr. et al., "Point-of-sale system and apparatus", published 1976-03-23, assigned to Transactron, Inc. [1]
"Graphical point of sale software introducer". 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
"ViewTouch". ViewTouch. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
Bisson, Gigi (2008-04-25). "Getting Down To Business". Viewtouch.com. Archived from the original on 2018-07-27. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
The ViewTouch restaurant system Archived 2009-09-09 at the Wayback Machine by Giselle Bisson
"File:Comdex 1986.png — Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-12-20. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
Wilson, Karen S.; Liu, Michael Inderrieden Steven (October 1995). "A Comparison of Five User Interface Devices Designed for Point-of-Sale in the Retail Industry". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 39 (4): 273–277. doi:10.1177/154193129503900411. ISSN 2169-5067. S2CID 108458064. Archived from the original on 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
Kasavana, Michael L. (1995-04-01). "PC-based registers: The next generation of point-of-sale technology". The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly. 36 (2): 5–55. doi:10.1016/0010-8804(95)93843-J. ISSN 0010-8804.
"Access 2007 very slow on Windows 7". social.technet.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
"15 ways a mobile point of sale can help your restaurant succeed — Poster". joinposter.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-28. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
"EPOS term". 30 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
"Cash register vs. POS system – what's the difference?". 30 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
"Cash register vs. POS system – what's the difference?". 30 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
"Mobile Point-of-Sale Apps: Redefining the Retail Industry". Scandit. 10 May 2013. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
The Online POS System Revolution Archived 2012-06-02 at the Wayback Machine via Small Business Bonfire
"Overheating brings down Microsoft data center". DatacenterDynamics. 14 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2016-04-14.
Securing Mobile Point of Sale System Archived 2016-11-21 at the Wayback Machine via Securebox
Goldstein, Jacob (22 July 2015). "Planet Money Asks: What Small Thing Would You Do To Improve The World?". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
"How hackers gave Subway a $3 million lesson in point-of-sale security". Ars Technica. 21 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Seals, Tara (13 June 2016). "Wendy's Point of Sale Hack Grows Bigger". Infosecurity. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
"SAP point-of-sale systems were totally hackable with $25 kit". The Register. 29 August 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
"SAP POS Flaw Allows Hackers to Change Pricing". Infosecurity. 25 August 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
"Security Bug Affects Over 300,000 Oracle POS Systems". Catalin Cimpanu. 31 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018 – via BleepingComputer.

[1] "Paperless Receipt Solution (PRS) System". James Dyson Foundation. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2015.

[2] "Electronic Transmission of Prescriptions". Business Services Authority. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2015.

[3] "Tricks traders use to evade billions of francs in taxes". The New Times. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved August 9, 2015.

[4] "Cash register vs. POS system –what's the difference?". 30 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-06-25.

[5] "How to Choose a POS Cash Register". Archived from the original on 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2023-06-25.

[6] US patent 3946220, William M. Brobeck; John S. Givins Jr. & Philip F. Meads Jr. et al., "Point-of-sale system and apparatus", published 1976-03-23, assigned to Transactron, Inc. [1]

[7] "Graphical point of sale software introducer". 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2015.

[8] "ViewTouch". ViewTouch. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.

[9] Bisson, Gigi (2008-04-25). "Getting Down To Business". Viewtouch.com. Archived from the original on 2018-07-27. Retrieved 2013-07-12.

[10] The ViewTouch restaurant system Archived 2009-09-09 at the Wayback Machine by Giselle Bisson

[11] "File:Comdex 1986.png — Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-12-20. Retrieved 2013-07-12.

[12] Wilson, Karen S.; Liu, Michael Inderrieden Steven (October 1995). "A Comparison of Five User Interface Devices Designed for Point-of-Sale in the Retail Industry". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 39 (4): 273–277. doi:10.1177/154193129503900411. ISSN 2169-5067. S2CID 108458064. Archived from the original on 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2023-01-16.

[13] Kasavana, Michael L. (1995-04-01). "PC-based registers: The next generation of point-of-sale technology". The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly. 36 (2): 5–55. doi:10.1016/0010-8804(95)93843-J. ISSN 0010-8804.

[14] "Access 2007 very slow on Windows 7". social.technet.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2017.

[15] "15 ways a mobile point of sale can help your restaurant succeed — Poster". joinposter.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-28. Retrieved 2018-12-28.

[16] "EPOS term". 30 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-06-25.

[17] "Cash register vs. POS system – what's the difference?". 30 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-06-25.

[18] "Cash register vs. POS system – what's the difference?". 30 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-06-25.

[19] "Mobile Point-of-Sale Apps: Redefining the Retail Industry". Scandit. 10 May 2013. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2015.

[bonfire-20] The Online POS System Revolution Archived 2012-06-02 at the Wayback Machine via Small Business Bonfire

[21] "Overheating brings down Microsoft data center". DatacenterDynamics. 14 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2016-04-14.

[22] Securing Mobile Point of Sale System Archived 2016-11-21 at the Wayback Machine via Securebox

[23] Goldstein, Jacob (22 July 2015). "Planet Money Asks: What Small Thing Would You Do To Improve The World?". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.

[24] "How hackers gave Subway a $3 million lesson in point-of-sale security". Ars Technica. 21 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2017.

[25] Seals, Tara (13 June 2016). "Wendy's Point of Sale Hack Grows Bigger". Infosecurity. Retrieved 15 October 2017.

[26] "SAP point-of-sale systems were totally hackable with $25 kit". The Register. 29 August 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

[27] "SAP POS Flaw Allows Hackers to Change Pricing". Infosecurity. 25 August 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

[28] "Security Bug Affects Over 300,000 Oracle POS Systems". Catalin Cimpanu. 31 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018 – via BleepingComputer.

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[28]

Los Angeles County	Los Angeles County is the most populous county in the United States, located in the southern part of California. It is known for its diverse culture, entertainment industry, and famous attractions such as Hollywood and Santa Monica.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California
Cook County	Cook County is the largest population county in Illinois and home to the city of Chicago. It is a important economic and cultural center with diverse communities and comprehensive public services.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois
Harris County	Harris County is the biggest county in Texas and the third most populous in the United States, with Houston as its county seat. It is a key economic and cultural hub known for its varied population and thriving industries.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas
Maricopa County	Maricopa County is the most populous county in Arizona and includes the city of Phoenix, the state capital. It is known for its arid climate, dynamic economy, and diverse cultural attractions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona
San Diego County	San Diego County is situated in the SW area of California, renowned for its breathtaking coastline, pleasant climate, and varied communities. It is home to significant cities like San Diego and features attractions such as beaches, parks, and a strong military presence.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California
Orange County	Orange County is a lively region in Southern California renowned for its picturesque beaches, theme parks, and wealthy communities. It is home to famous destinations like Disneyland Resort and offers a rich cultural and recreational experience.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California
Miami-Dade County	Miami-Dade County is a vibrant region in southeastern Florida known for its varied culture, stunning beaches, and busy urban areas. It serves as a key hub for international trade, tourism, and entertainment in the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida
Dallas County	Dallas County is located in the region of Texas and is one of the most populous counties in the United States. It is famous for its dynamic economy, varied culture, and the principal city of Dallas, which serves as the county seat.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas
Kings County	Kings County, located in the region of New York, is equivalent to the borough of Brooklyn, a borough among the five of New York City. Known for its multicultural culture, historic neighborhoods, and dynamic arts scene, it is the largest county in New York.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_County,_California
Riverside County	Riverside County is situated in Southern California and is recognized for its varied landscapes, including arid regions, mountains, and urban areas. It is one of the quickest expanding counties in the United States, offering a blend of natural beauty and vibrant communities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County,_California
Queens County	Queens County is a area of New York City, known for its cultural diversity and lively neighborhoods. It is the largest borough by area and home to landmarks such as Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and Citi Field.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_County,_New_York
Clark County	Clark County is a densely populated region in the area of Nevada, known for covering the city of Las Vegas. It is a key hub for travel, entertainment, and economic activity in the south-western United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada
Tarrant County	Tarrant County is located in the region of Texas and is a part of the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. It is famous for its mixed communities, economic growth, and cultural attractions such as the Fort Worth Stockyards.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas
Santa Clara County	Santa Clara County is positioned in the south part of the San Francisco Bay Area in California and is known as the core of Silicon Valley. It is home to leading technology companies and has a varied population with a strong economy powered by innovation and industry.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California
Broward County	Broward County is located in southeast Florida and is part of the Miami metropolitan area. It is known for its beautiful beaches, lively cultural scene, and diverse population.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida
Bexar County	Bexar County is located in south-central Texas and is home to the city of San Antonio, the seventh biggest city in the United States. It is known for its deep history, cultural landmarks, and thriving economy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas
Wayne County	Wayne County is a prominent region in the United States recognized for its diverse communities and economic importance. It is home to Detroit, the largest city in Michigan, and is vital in the automotive industry.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County
New York County	New York County, also known as Manhattan, is a densely populated borough of New York City located in the state of New York. It is a key cultural, economic, and commercial center, home to landmarks such as Central Park, the Times Square, and Wall Street.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_County,_New_York
Alameda County	Alameda County is located in the San Francisco Bay Area of California and is known for its varied communities and vibrant economy. It contains major cities like Oakland and Berkeley, and features a blend of urban, suburban, and natural landscapes.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County,_California
Middlesex County	Middlesex County is a heavily inhabited region located in the northeastern United States, known for its rich history and multicultural communities. It features a blend of urban and suburban areas, with robust educational institutions and dynamic economic activity.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts
Sacramento County	Sacramento County is found in Northern California and functions as the capital area. It is recognized for its varied communities, deep history, and vibrant economy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California
Philadelphia County	Philadelphia County is the most populous county in Pennsylvania and is conterminous with the city of Philadelphia. It is known for its rich history, cultural landmarks, and significant role in American independence.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania
Nassau County	Nassau County is located on Long Island in the state of New York, recognized for its suburban communities and nearby location to New York City. It includes a blend of residential neighborhoods, parks, and cultural attractions, rendering it a popular place for families and commuters.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York
Hillsborough County	Hillsborough County is found in the region of Florida and is famous for its dynamic city areas, including the town of Tampa. It features a multicultural population, abundant cultural attractions, and significant economic activity based on healthcare, finance, and technology in the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida
Palm Beach County	Palm Beach County is positioned in southeast Florida and is famous for its gorgeous beaches, luxurious communities, and lively cultural scene. It is one of the largest counties in the state, providing a blend of urban and natural attractions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida
Cuyahoga County	Cuyahoga County is located in the northeastern part of Ohio and includes the city of Cleveland. It is known for its extensive industrial history and dynamic cultural attractions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio
Allegheny County	Allegheny County is situated in the southwestern part of Pennsylvania and is the location of the city of Pittsburgh. It is famous for its rich industrial history, lively cultural scene, and numerous parks and rivers.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania
Oakland County	Oakland County is a thriving region located in the state of Michigan, known for its vibrant communities and healthy economy. It features a mix of urban and suburban areas with numerous parks, lakes, and cultural attractions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan
Franklin County	Franklin County is a territory in the United States known for its multicultural communities and extensive history. It features a blend of city and rural areas, offering a range of cultural and recreational opportunities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_United_States
Hennepin County	Hennepin County is situated in the state of Minnesota and is the most populous county in the state. It includes the city of Minneapolis, which is the county seat and a major cultural and economic center.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota
Travis County	Travis County is situated in central Texas and is home to the state capital, Austin. It is famous for its lively music scene, multicultural culture, and fast increasing population in the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas
St Louis County	St. Louis County is located in the eastern part of Missouri, surrounding but not containing the separate city of St. Louis. It is famous for its diverse communities, large park systems, and significant economic and cultural contributions to the region.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri
Fulton County	Fulton County's a heavily inhabited county found in the state Georgia, renowned as the home of Atlanta, the capital of the state. It serves as a key economic and cultural focal point in the locale.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia
Baltimore County	Baltimore County is a outlying region found in the state of Maryland, bordering but not including the city of Baltimore. It is known for its diverse communities, historic sites, and closeness to major urban centers.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_County,_Maryland
Pima County	Pima County is situated in the south part of Arizona and is home to the city of Tucson. It is renowned for its diverse landscapes, including deserts, mountains, and national parks.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_County,_Arizona
Salt Lake County	Salt Lake County is positioned in the northern part of Utah and is the most populous county in the state. It is home to Salt Lake City, the state capital, and features varied landscapes including cities, mountains, and the Great Salt Lake.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_County,_Utah
Milwaukee County	Milwaukee County is located in the state of Wisconsin and is the most populous county in the state. It is home to the city of Milwaukee, renowned for its brewing traditions, cultural attractions, and vibrant lakefront.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_County,_Wisconsin
Fresno County	Fresno County is positioned in the middle part of California and is known for its fertile agricultural industry, producing a significant portion of the nation's fruits and vegetables. The county seat is Fresno, which is the biggest city in the county and a major economic and cultural hub in the region.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_County,_California
Marion County	Marion County is a area located in the United States, known for its diverse communities and strong cultural heritage. It includes a mix of city and rural areas, providing numerous recreational and economic opportunities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Indiana
Contra Costa County	Contra Costa County is situated in the San Francisco Bay Area of California and is famous for its varied communities and beautiful landscapes. It offers a combination of suburban neighborhoods, parks, and industrial areas, adding to its economic and cultural variety.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California
Wake County	Wake County is situated in North Carolina and is famous for its fast increasing population and dynamic economy. It is home to the state capital, Raleigh, and boasts a mix of urban and suburban communities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_County,_North_Carolina
Monroe County	Monroe County is a region in the United States known for its diverse landscapes and lively communities. It includes a combination of urban and countryside areas, offering cultural attractions, outdoor activities, and historical sites.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_United_States
Erie County	Erie County is located in the west part of New York State, with Buffalo as its county seat. It is famous for its rich history, diverse communities, and closeness to Lake Erie.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York
Providence County	Providence County is the largest population county in the state of Rhode Island, known for its rich history and vibrant cultural scene. It functions as a main center for education, healthcare, and industry in the region of the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_County,_Rhode_Island
New Haven County	New Haven County is situated in the southern part of Connecticut and is renowned for its extensive history and vibrant cultural scene. It is home to the city of New Haven, which hosts Yale University and a range of historic landmarks.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_County,_Connecticut
Jefferson County	Jefferson County is a district located in the United States known for its varied communities and rich history. It features a blend of city and countryside areas, offering a range of cultural, recreational, and economic opportunities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_%28disambiguation%29
Multnomah County	Multnomah County is located in the northwestern part of Oregon, covering the city of Portland. It is famous for its lively urban culture, scenic landscapes, and notable economic and cultural influence in the region.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multnomah_County,_Oregon
Douglas County	Douglas County is a territory located in the United States known for its varied landscapes, including metropolitan areas, farmlands, and nature reserves. It serves as an important administrative division with a deep history and a growing population.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_County
Sonoma County	Sonoma County, located in Northern California, is well-known for its top-notch wineries and picturesque coastal landscapes. It offers a blend of vibrant towns, agricultural richness, and recreational options.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California
Ventura County	Ventura County is located in the southern part of California along the Pacific coastline, known for its beautiful beaches, agriculture, and thriving arts scene. It features diverse landscapes such as mountains, valleys, and coastline, making it a popular destination for outdoor activities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County,_California
Chatham County	Chatham County is situated in the state of Georgia and is renowned for its historic city of Savannah. It offers a combination of metropolitan and scenic landscapes, including shorelines and parks.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_County,_Georgia

Statue of Liberty	The Statue of Liberty is a towering icon of liberty and democracy located on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. It was a present from France to the United States, signifying friendship and receiving immigrants arriving by sea.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty
Grand Canyon National Park	Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona features the enormous and vibrant Grand Canyon, formed by the Colorado River over millions of years. It presents stunning views, hiking trails, and a distinctive geological history drawing millions of visitors annually.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park
Yellowstone National Park	Yellowstone National Park is a immense wilderness area known for its geothermal features, including geysers like Old Faithful, and diverse wildlife such as bison and bears. It is the earliest national park in the world, located primarily in Wyoming, United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park
Mount Rushmore	Mount Rushmore is a grand granite carving featuring the images of four U.S. presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. It is located in the Black Hills region of South Dakota and embodies American history and democracy in the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rushmore
Golden Gate Bridge	The Golden Gate Bridge is an renowned suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate Strait, connecting San Francisco to Marin County in California. Known for its striking International Orange color and Art Deco design, it is a symbol of engineering prowess and a popular tourist attraction in the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge
Times Square	Times Square is a lively business and recreational hub in New York City, known for its glowing neon lights and massive digital billboards. It is a well-known destination for tourists and hosts the famous New Year's Eve ball drop celebration.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square
Empire State Building	The Empire State Building is a famous high-rise located in New York City, known for its iconic Art Deco design. It offers spectacular panoramic views of the city from its observation decks.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building
Disneyland	Disneyland is a famous amusement park located in California, known for its enchanting attractions and beloved Disney characters. It offers a range of entertainment, rides, and immersive experiences for visitors of all ages.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland
Hollywood Walk of Fame	The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a renowned sidewalk along Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street in Los Angeles, featuring more than 2,600 brass stars embedded in the pavement to honor celebrities from the entertainment industry. It serves as a popular tourist attraction honoring achievements in film, TV, music, radio, and theater.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame
Niagara Falls	Niagara Falls is a magnificent natural landmark located on the border between the United States and Canada, known for its forceful and majestic waterfalls. It welcomes millions of visitors annually who come to take in its breathtaking views and lush surrounding parks.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls
Alcatraz Island	Alcatraz Island, located in San Francisco Bay, is renowned for its old federal prison that held notorious criminals. Today, it serves as a popular tourist destination offering historic sites and spectacular views of the city and bay.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatraz_Island
Smithsonian Institution	The Smithsonian Institution is a well-known collection of museums and research centers dedicated to protecting and showcasing American history, culture, and science. Located primarily in Washington, D.C., it offers complimentary public access to a large collection of artifacts and exhibitions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution
The White House	The White House is the official residence and seat of the President of the United States, located in Washington, D.C. It is a historic emblem of the U.S. government and an well-known monument known for its neoclassical architecture.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House
Central Park	Central Park is a vast urban park in the heart of New York City, offering a verdant oasis amidst the bustling metropolis. It features paths, lakes, gardens, and cultural landmarks, welcoming millions of visitors each year.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park
Las Vegas Strip	The Las Vegas Strip is a vibrant section of South Las Vegas Boulevard known for its collection of resort hotels and casinos. It is famous for its dazzling lights, entertainment shows, and nightlife, attracting millions of visitors each year in the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip
The Pentagon	The Pentagon is the main office of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington, Virginia. It is a pentagonal building known for its large size and serves as a emblem of the U.S. military.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon
Freedom Trail	This Freedom Trail is a 2.5 mile long path in Boston that leads visitors to sixteen important historical sites related to the American Revolution. It presents a special way to explore the rich history and heritage of the United States' struggle for freedom.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Trail
Space Needle	The Space Needle is a famous observation tower in Seattle, Washington, famous for its modern design and wide views of the city and surrounding landscapes. Standing at 605 feet tall, it offers visitors a unforgettable experience with its rotating restaurant and observation deck.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Needle
National Mall	The National Mall is a large, public park in downtown Washington, D.C., featuring well-known monuments, memorials, and museums. It serves as a main gathering place for national events, celebrations, and protests.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mall
Gateway Arch	The Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri, is a 630-foot tall landmark representing the expansion westward of the United States. It is the highest arch in the world and offers stunning views of the city and the Mississippi River from its observation deck.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch
Rocky Mountain National Park	Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado offers spectacular alpine scenery, diverse wildlife, and over 300 miles of hiking trails. It is renowned for its soaring peaks, peaceful lakes, and lively wildflower meadows.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park
Yosemite National Park	Yosemite National Park, located in California's Sierra Nevada mountains, is renowned for its breathtaking granite cliffs, waterfalls, giant sequoias, and rich wildlife. It offers a variety of outdoor activities such as hiking, rock climbing, and camping, welcoming millions of visitors each year.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park
Metropolitan Museum of Art	The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City is one of the largest and most prestigious art museums in the world, housing over two million works covering 5,000 years of history. It provides an comprehensive collection that includes paintings, sculptures, and artifacts from different cultures and time periods.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art
Broadway	Broadway is a famous street in New York City known for its vibrant theater district and top-notch live performances. It is a significant cultural attraction, drawing millions of visitors annually to its legendary theaters and shows.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)
Independence Hall	Independence Hall in the city of Philadelphia is where the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were discussed and approved. It is a representation of American freedom and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Hall
The Alamo	The Alamo is a mission in San Antonio, Texas, known for the significant 1836 battle during the Texas Revolution. It stands for valor and sacrifice in the struggle for Texas independence from Mexico.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alamo
Pearl Harbor National Memorial	Pearl Harbor National Memorial honors the sacrifices during the surprise attack on December 7, 1941, which led the United States into World War II. It includes historic sites such as the USS Arizona Memorial, offering visitors a powerful look at this crucial moment in American history.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_National_Memorial
The Lincoln Memorial	The Lincoln Memorial is a federal monument in Washington, D.C., commemorating Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. It displays a large seated statue of Lincoln and engravings of two well-known speeches, the Gettysburg Address and his Second Inaugural Address.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial
The National Gallery of Art	The National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. displays an comprehensive collection of European and American masterpieces spanning from the Middle Ages to modern art. It offers free admission and showcases both traditional and modern art in a beautiful architectural setting.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art
The United States Capitol	The United States Capitol is a historic building in Washington, D.C., acting as the home of the United States Congress. It is an emblematic sign of United States democracy and showcases impressive neoclassic style.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol
San Antonio River Walk	The San Antonio River Walk is a dynamic collection of promenades along the shores of the San Antonio River, lined with stores, dining establishments, and pubs. It is a well-known spot offering beautiful views, artistic attractions, and vibrant events throughout the year.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_River_Walk
Coney Island	Coney Island is a famous beachfront spot in Brooklyn, New York, known for its historic amusement parks, boardwalk, and famous hot dogs. It offers a classic experience with rides, games, and seasonal events attracting visitors year-round.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island
The Field Museum	The Field Museum in Chicago is a renowned natural history museum housing extensive scientific collections and exhibitions. It gives visitors a look at ancient civilizations, biodiversity, and the natural world through interactive displays and artifacts.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History
The Museum of Modern Art	The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City is a leading institution focused on contemporary and modern art. It boasts an vast collection of artworks, sculptures, design, and multimedia works from famous artists globally.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art
The High Line	The High Line is a above-ground long park constructed on a historic freight rail line in New York City. It features lush gardens, walking paths, and public art, offering unique views of the city and the Hudson River.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Line
Chichen Itza	Chichen Itza is a ancient Maya city famous for its impressive pyramid, El Castillo, and its cultural significance in Mesoamerican culture. Although originally located in Mexico, replicas and exhibits modeled after Chichen Itza can be found as points of interest in the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza
The National WWII Museum	The National WWII Museum in NOLA offers an engaging experience with exhibits and relics that chronicle the American experience during World War II. It features hands-on displays, personal stories, and comprehensive collections that honor the sacrifices of the wartime generation.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_World_War_II_Museum
The Henry Ford Museum	The Henry Ford Museum in Michigan showcases America's ingenuity and history with displays featuring famous inventions, cars, and relics. It offers an interactive experience emphasizing the nation's manufacturing and cultural legacy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Henry_Ford
USS Arizona Memorial	The USS Arizona Memorial in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, pays tribute to the sailors and Marines who lost their lives during the attack on December 7, 1941. It extends over the submerged battleship, functioning as a respectful tribute and a emblem of American resilience.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial
Mount Vernon	Mount Vernon is the historical estate home of George Washington, the initial President of the United States, situated in Virginia. It boasts exquisitely maintained gardens, a gallery, and displays that commemorate American history and Washington's legacy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon_(estate)
The Getty Center	The Getty Center in Los Angeles is well-known for its remarkable architecture, stunning gardens, and comprehensive art collections spanning European paintings, sculptures, and decorative arts. It offers visitors breathtaking views of the city alongside world-class cultural and educational experiences.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Center
Pike Place Market	Pike Place Market is a notable public market in Seattle, renowned for its vibrant atmosphere, freshly caught seafood, regional produce, and unique artisan goods. It is a favored destination for both residents and tourists, presenting stunning views of the waterfront and iconic landmarks like the well-known fish-throwing vendors in the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_Place_Market
The Everglades	The Everglades is a large, subtropical wetland in the southern part of Florida known for its unique ecosystem and varied wildlife. It is famous for its gentle waters, sawgrass marshes, and habitats supporting species like alligators, manatees, and many bird species.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades
Faneuil Hall	Faneuil Hall is a heritage marketplace and gathering place in Boston, Massachusetts, known as the "Cradle of Liberty" for its role in American history. It serves as a dynamic hub for retail, eating, and public gatherings, attracting both locals and visitors.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faneuil_Hall
The Chrysler Building	The Chrysler Building is a renowned Art Deco high-rise located in New York City, known for its unique terraced crown and automotive-inspired design elements. Completed in 1930, it was briefly the tallest building in the world and remains a emblem of 20th-century American architecture in the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Building
The Sequoia National Park	The Sequoia National Park located in the United States is renowned for its massive sequoia trees, including the General Sherman Tree, one of the largest trees on Earth. The park features spectacular mountainous landscapes, varied wildlife, and countless hiking trails for hikers.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park
The Kennedy Space Center	The Kennedy Space Center is NASA's primary launch site for human spaceflight, located in Florida. It features visitor exhibits, historic launch locations, and interactive experiences showcasing space exploration.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center
The Mall of America	The Mall of America is the largest shopping mall in the United States, located in Bloomington, Minnesota. It offers over 500 shops, an indoor entertainment park, an aquarium, and numerous dining and entertainment choices.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_America
The Rocky Mountains	The Rocky Mountains are a prominent mountain range in the western United States known for their stunning peaks, rich wildlife, and outdoor activities. Stretching over 3,000 miles, they offer scenic landscapes and are a popular destination for walking, snow skiing, and outdoor camping.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains
The Bonneville Salt Flats	The Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah are a immense, flat stretch of solid salt surface known for their remarkable, otherworldly landscape. They are renowned as a top location for speed record attempts and distinctive outdoor photography.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_Salt_Flats
The Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum	The Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum is a interactive heritage attraction in Boston that reenacts the events of the 1773 protest against British taxation. Visitors can discover authentically restored ships, take part in reenactments, and understand the American Revolution through captivating exhibits.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_Ships_and_Museum
The French Quarter	The French Quarter is a historic neighborhood in New Orleans recognized for its dynamic nightlife, multicolored buildings, and deep cultural heritage. It showcases iconic landmarks such as Bourbon Street, Jackson Square, and St. Louis Cathedral.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Quarter

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